Which of the following represents the sum of all ecosystems on the planet?

The correct answer is the biosphere, which encompasses all living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments across the planet. It includes various ecosystems ranging from the deepest oceans to the highest mountains and integrates the different biomes found on Earth.

The biosphere is critical because it is where life exists, encompassing not only the biological organisms but also the physical environments where these organisms thrive—such as forests, grasslands, deserts, freshwater, and marine environments. It is essentially the global sum of all ecosystems, illustrating how life on Earth is interconnected and how energy and nutrients flow through various ecological processes.

In contrast, while the atmosphere refers to the layer of gases surrounding the Earth, the hydrosphere pertains to all water bodies on the planet, including oceans, rivers, and glaciers. The geosphere deals with the Earth's solid parts, including rocks and landforms. Each of these components plays a vital role in supporting life, but they do not represent the totality of living ecosystems as the biosphere does.